United Kingdom-23-"the Duke"-Multipurpose frigates _ small fish
23-frigate frigate as United Kingdom, to the beginning of the second generation of the 70 's proposed construction program. In the naval before 22 type frigate although design is fine, but the huge cost and appearance, from an economic perspective is very hard to a large number of construction, there is no way to replace the outdated "Leander-class frigate, is not up to NATO's operations and sent to overseas operations. Therefore, the construction of affordable and practical second frigate become necessary. In the mid-1970s United Kingdom presents a new generation of frigate combat requirements, the main task is to perform the anti-submarine, and also requires a for light-to-air missile system-centric defense capability. To reduce construction costs, the ship will no longer set hangar, and the fleet of helicopters all parked in supply boat. However, this application seems to be limited. By the end of this century, from aircraft and missile threats will increase, and therefore require ships to have itself more powerful ability to defend itself. In this way, new ship has to meet the complex adaptation of the North Atlantic to antisubmarine warfare-centric design requirements, but also have the ability to carry out overseas troops, support of NATO air landing time to deal with the threat of self-defense capability, as well as in all the oceans of the world in various climatic conditions are effective action of airworthiness and life. In the spring of 1981, the United Kingdom to develop a platform for new staff, basic requirements are: improving the application of a drag-and-array sonar, reduce their noise, the radar reflection area of hull, excellent range of vessels, the flight deck of the helicopter refuelling unit only equipment and weapons supplementary device, as well as limit the ships of the construction cost of 7 million pounds. In addition, also determine the manner, form the host forward, multi-national, sonar, on ships weapons, generator anti-vibration measures, etc. The average monthly in 1981. At that time, the Ministry of defence budgets are being slashed the Navy, but only 23-frigate is given highest priority. So, start designing, gaijian and prepared the outline of the Naval General staff. Alor company according to the requirements of the United Kingdom Navy and consider adapting export, begin preliminary design. After a massive demonstration, concluded that if the meeting cost, you must select a standard displacement of 2500 tons of water line length in the 100 meters of ship type, that is 22-two-thirds. However, if you export, you must guarantee first-class performance, to gaijian with hangar, equipment anti-aircraft weapons, meet interoperability requirements. To achieve this, want more than 2700 tons displacement, increased water line of about 15 m. As a result, the naval staff outline is modified, the 23-frigate is not the anti-submarine frigate, which became the anti-submarine-multipurpose frigates. 23-the first-to-ship "Norfolk", of a construction contract in October 1984 and Alor Encore. Built in June 1990. Although the original plan of building 23, but it is said that for the time being will not be realized. Electronic equipment 23-frigate's major equipment is towed array sonar, 23-to use the drag-and-array sonar. This consists of Dowty electric equipment company manufacturing 2031Z-wave type array sonar is 500 m long arrays and drag-and-cable consists of a total of 1000 m, usually 10 section below for towage service. Adjustable cable extensions and changes of drag speed, can guarantee the sonar is in the depth of hope, even if extremely quiet submarines dive using the thermocline, the Sonar can search and track. Although the direction of the sonar data very precise, but distance accuracy, so also with the other ship of passive workshops NA or helicopter to inject-sonar. In addition, the ship is also equipped with Ferranti/Thomson. Sintra company production of 2050-low-frequency active/passive sonar, as close to submarine attack. Air search radar is the Plessey Company 996-a flexible, multi-purpose three-dimensional radar. The air surveillance radar in addition, you can "surf" missile provides objective data. "Sea striker" optoelectronic fire control device used to control the 114 mm cannon, for highly automated. To reduce the effects of the wind, this device uses unique spherical shape. The device consists of infrared imager, da TV cameras and laser range finder, main sensor-infrared imager working wavelength for 8-12 microns. The combat is gaijian air surveillance and maritime surveillance 2 mode, simply press a button it will behavior. Air alert mode, the system begins to work, drive action, so that the command device movement to free gun, search, and thus shortens the response time. Gaijian submarine, empty weapon and detector summarized into a combat system, in the United Kingdom is the first time. Subsequently, from the various weapons and detector through the British and the treatment systems interconnected patterns, work out firing command elements, to the transfer of intelligent systems. Command system through intelligence provides a variety of related relations, assisted Commander decision. Ship equipment has met with the NATO helicopter require integrated communication system, in addition to a variety of transceivers, satellite communication, data communication, etc. In addition, also equipped with ESM equipment, navigation equipment, meteorological equipment, etc. Weapons submarine attack weapons with new lightweight torpedoes and Marconi "flounder" torpedo. Long range submarine warfare, the possible dispatch of submarine maritime helicopter. Once the helicopter used to inject sonar snap to target, torpedoes and depth bombs to attack. The torpedo for new submarines in the 90s, has sufficient speed and life, able to penetrate new submarine's hull. However, the United Kingdom Navy on anti-submarine torpedoes requirement is very high. Even in very shallow waters are also to be used. This means that after torpedo propulsion units for immediate action, and produce driving forces, torpedo once into the water, the propeller start immediately, gyroscope measured attitude very quickly, before the impact benthic changed course. Ship equipment of another major weapon is a vertical launch of the "Sea Wolf" to air missiles. Early in the design, requirements for additional air defence capability, gaijian selected in the Malvinas war confirmed the "Sea Wolf" system is logical. Initially scheduled equipment Rotary LauncherBut in 1983, the research and Design Department of the Navy, prepare development vertical launch system and changed. 23-frigate's GWS26 "waves" on the front of the bridge, a total of emission wells 32 transmitting unit, missile control subsystem is the Marconi Company production of the 911-track guidance radar, this dual-band radar can also fly against sea-skimming missiles on the ship. And as a result of the launch, you can quickly deal with incoming from any direction. In addition, in order to play a role, the air defense frigates also equipped with "Oerlikon" 30 mm cannon. This gun is a full-auto, fitted with aiming stability unit, the maximum rate of fire 650/min. Gun has taken measures to protect against power failure, use battery-powered, no matter that can be used day and night. Bridge ramp rear 100 is equipped with Marconi Company production of "sea mosquito" decoy jamming devices, each side of 2 blocks, each block of six fixed launch tube, used to transmit a metal foil and infrared Flash objects. In addition, the ship is also equipped with torpedo decoy for towed equipment. 23-frigate yet equipment short range defense weapon system, but if the captain bonus 7 meters of issuing programme adopted, it may be equipped with 2 of 30 mm short range defense weapon system. Ship's principal anti-ship weapons as "gig" missile. The beginning missile attack to inertial guidance, in the final phase of the respective use active radar homing, sea-skimming flight. Used to launch missiles 2 four launching system located in front of the bridge, the whole system called GWS60. Ship equipped with 1 door MK8 "Vickers" 114 mm naval gun, firing the main gun, on ships, and on the air for shooting. 23-frigate is the selection of the "Merlin" EH101 helicopters. The aircraft's mission is to aid ship probes on the distant search and attack submarines. But because the machine is in the mid-1980s have not yet completed flight test, the current ship equipped with a shelf West Company production of "Lynx" anti-submarine helicopters. Silent and stealth ship to reduce their noise, must be reduced as the cruise ship-to-bottom in the rudder and the appearance of cavitation phenomenon generated noise, host, and auxiliary equipment of vibration to pay into the water and propeller noise. For the low-drag gaijian when important three sound sources in 2. Study of the various promotion and propeller combinations, 23-frigate propulsion using CODLAG, low-speed traction lines when a drag-and-array sonar only diesel generator, quick movement diesel engine and gas turbine used together. The benefits of this approach lies in the traction when a drag-and-array sonar directly through the motor gearbox propeller, eliminating the noise source. Low speed requirements of large thrust of icebreaker and tug also has many uses diesel generator as the driving force, from the mechanical reliability of propulsion efficiency point of view, this approach is superior. In order to prevent the generation of diesel engines and generators of noise and vibration generated by external Board incoming water, diesel engines and generators are not installed on the host module and auxiliary engine, but with wooden frame intervals from installed on the deck. For frigates, this is a new form. However, the actual application for upper deck space, the final and only 2 are installed on the deck, the remaining 2 use wooden motor installed in front of the auxiliary engine. To diminish the sound signal, the ship also leverages on fin and propeller blowing for noise control. In addition to the acoustic signals, gaijian had taken measures to reduce the other signal characteristics. To decrease the enemy ship and sea-skimming missiles flying radar wave reflection area, on the ship and the superstructure has a certain degree of tilt and superstructure than 22-frigate low a layer height. Of course, for infrared-guided missiles, doing so is not enough, the future would also like to give more emphasis to infrared countermeasures system and the development of exhaust cooling unit. Fire and damage capacity 23-frigate design is complete, the Malvinas war broke out. After the war, the United Kingdom Navy tried to draw on the lessons of the war, increase investment, but also to increase the vessel's survivability. Therefore focus on strengthening the damage control section, detailed division of the fire area and adopt the partition set emergency ventilation system, fire sea water pump, use non-toxic flame retardant materials, increase the hatch into the hole, and enhance important areas of bullet-proof capability, etc. Warship shot, to prevent fire spread, flexible and rapid fire, it is necessary to set more fire area. 23-the original scheme set up by 2 fire next door, is divided into three fire area, but later learned 42 Destroyer "Sheffield", due to the fire area is too small and sunk in the lessons, to set 5 separate fire area. Ship not only increases the number of fire next door, FSIS also independent districts, each region has its own ventilation system. In this way, not only fire work easier, but the injured area does not affect other areas. Emergency fire sea water pump used in ship first and ship-to-tail, power from the battle damage when the emergency generator. United Kingdom previous outfitting materials, particularly on the floor and wire wrapped cover materials, etc., are available as halogenated solvent, once most will produce toxic combustion gases, will severely hampered fire-fighting work. Malvinas war, instead use when burning flame retardant material and does not produce harmful gases of materials and equipment for the oxygen supply equipment. In order to facilitate the fire and rescue, fire-empty and waterproof hatch expanded to make wearing fire clothing and carry oxygen supply equipment for fire prevention officers can access level. In addition, 23 naval command and control room, and other important regional variety protection were implemented. United States Navy have long noticed this, reportedly "Alice. Burke-class destroyers of important regional and ammunition depot in Quebrada composite-based equipment. On 23-frigate specific material are unclear, but know its bullet-proof capability. Engine room ventilation and air conditioning split saying, ship air filter is complete, there is a dedicated pipeline leading to the engine-room, fully comply with three requirements. In residential areas, in order to reduce the damage may be, completed 23-compared to the beginning of the design a little comfort when you sacrifice. United Kingdom Navy has been using wooden furniture, elegant and comfortable. This ship. As a result of the massive use of automation devices, fixed number 185 gaijian wartime, fixed number of 146 people。 Therefore, the capacity of each soldier has ample living area. Living room, the officers and soldiers of the residential area located in a quiet part of the front and rear, more comfortable living environment. Detailed data loaded displacement: 4200 tons standard displacement: 3500 tons Captain: 133 m ship-to-width: 16.1 m draught: 5.5 m (propeller), 7.3 m (including sonar) speed: 28, 15 (diesel-electric propulsion) life: 7800 miles/15 Festival staffing: 181 people (of which 13 officers). Power unit: CODLAG. 2 Rolls-Royce "Bay" SMA (F-229 ~ 236, ships) or SMIC (from F-237 warship) gas turbine, continuous power 23.2 MW; 4 paxmann 12CM diesel engine company, 6 MW; 2 General Electric's engine, the power of 3 MW, dual-axis. Missiles: 2, McDonnell Douglas Corporation's four-Pack "gig" ship-to-ship missile launcher, an active radar homing, 134 km range, flight speed 0.9 Mach. Warhead weight 27 kg (84C), usually with 4 PCs. United Kingdom Aerospace Corporation's "Sea Wolf" GWS 26 Mod1 ship-to-air missile and vertical Launcher, aiming at the line command guidance TV/radar tracking. 6 km, flying range speed 2.5 Mach. Warhead weight 14 km, 32 transmitting unit. Gun: 1 door "Vickers" 114mm/55 55 MK8 gun, elevation on sea range °, 22 km, 6 km range of air, the rate of fire 25 rounds per minute, play the heavy 21 km/h. 2 seater DES/MSI DS 30mm/75 MK1 gun, elevation angle 80 °, in the range of 10 km from the sea, 3 km range for null, 650 rounds/rate of fire, play the heavy with 0.36 kg. Torpedo: a 2 seater Twin Pack Cray marine company 324mm fixed torpedo tubes, Marconi "pu fish" torpedo, main/passive homing speed of 45 knots, with a range of 11 km, shaped explosive war Lei head to 35 kg, 750 m deep navigation. Automatic loading-9 minutes. Countermeasures: a full set of DLB. 4 seat Twin Pack "sea mosquito" 6 tube 130mm/102mm fixed decoy launchers. 182-towed torpedo decoy. Reka company UAF-1 "cutlass" and Reka-thorn in UAT (F137 later ships, remodel-ship) electronic support measures. 675 (2) the type or Reka company "Scorpion" electronic jamming system. Operational data system: United Kingdom Aerospace Corporation "Zeeman" DNA operations data automatic processing system, data link 11, 14-link, the appropriate time, link used JTIDS16. Marconi Company "taxes" 1 d satellite communication system. Fire control system: United Kingdom Aerospace Corporation's GSA 8B/GPEOD photo Director. GWS 60 fire control system (for ship-to-ship missile), GWS26 fire control system (used for charges in the ship-to-air missile). Radar: air/sea search – part 1 of the Plessey Company 996 (I)-three-coordinate radar, E/F band. Navigation — Kelvin • Hughes of 1007 or Reka-card company 1008, I-band radar. Fire control: part 2 of the Marconi Company of 911-type radar, I/Ku-band. IFF-1010/1011-type. Sonar: Ferranti/Thomson • Sintra company of 2050-the first sonar, active search and attack. Road ladder company 2031Z-towed array sonar (F229, F230-F239, ship), passive search, very low frequency. Since 2003 will be replacing 2087-sonar, which is a type of active low frequency towed array sonar, VLF passive array. Helicopter: one company's "Westland Lynx" HMA 3/8 or 1 frame EH 101 "Merlin" HAS1 helicopters. In 1984, October 29, from Yarrow shipyards ordered first warship, September 1986, ordered another 3 ships, 1987, intend to tender four or more, but to August 1988 only ordered 3. Later in 1988 again intend to tender, of the results of 4 ships also only 19 December 1989, ordered the 3. 1990 ordered another 6 ships, but until 1992 23 January in and ordered 3 more ship-to-order contract is issued. Last 3 ships 1994 bid on 29 November, 28 February 1996. The line-the ultimate goal is to build 23 vessels, but currently only built 16 ship, number and ship-to name as follows: F78 "Kent ", F79 "Portland ", F80, "Grafton" , F81 "Sutherland ", F82 "Somerset" , F83 "St. • Alban" , F229 "Lancaster" , F230 "Norfolk ", F231 "Argyle" , F233 "Marlborough" , F234 "Iron Duke ", F235 "Mont mammoth" , F236 "Montrose ", F237 "Westminster ", F238 "Northumberland ", F239 "Richmond", F233, F229, F234, F237, F239 and F8O, ship-to-base at Portsmouth (fourth frigate squadron), remaining warship in Devonport base (sixth frigate squadron). In 2005, the United Kingdom and the Government of Chile signed export 3 23-frigate's contract, respectively, 22 November 2006 will F230 "Norfolk", 2007-03-28, the F80, "Grafton", and 2008-05-28, will F233 "Marlborough", transferred to Chile, respectively became Chile FF-05 "in the Navy Admiral Cochrane" No., FF-07 "Admiral Lynch" and FF-06 number. United Kingdom starting in 2001 on "Sea Wolf" missiles do medium-term improvement of modernization, including improved I-band radar and on I/K-band fire control radar increase photoelectric tracking channel. Gaijian adopts the acoustic, magnetic, radar and infrared features minimal stealth technology, design, including all structures of vertical surfaces on both tilt 7 ° angle, watermark over various outer plate joints are made of fillet, reduce infrared radiation and reduce radiation noise on the ship "air curtain" System. In towed sonar job, Chai-electric and gas turbine propulsion system provides quiet operation of power. Although SM1C gas turbine combined power has the potential to reach 41MW, subject to a limit of the output gear box. The "Westminster" ship construction is already installed "SkyNet" satellite communication system (DNA1) 2 stage software, early built without integrated data system of the ship is also being installed that software. Subsequent phases of the software since 1997 after installing all of ships. 2031-towed array sonar is installed in the top 10 ships, replace its 2087-LFAS sonar, until 2003. 舰名舷号建造厂动工日期下水日期服役日期 诺福克 F-230亚罗船厂1985.12.141987.07.101990.06.01 阿尔盖 F-231亚罗船厂1987.03.201989.04.081991.05.31兰开斯特 F-229亚罗船厂1987.12.181990.05.241992.05.01马尔博罗 F-233斯旺·亨特与泰恩造船有限公司 1987.10.221989.01.211991.06.14 艾恩公爵 F-234亚罗船厂1988.12.121991.03.021993.05.20蒙茅斯 F-235亚罗船厂1989.06.011991.11.231993.09.24蒙特罗斯F-236亚罗船厂1989.11.011992.07.311994.06.02威斯敏斯特 F-237斯旺·亨特与泰恩造船有限公司 1991.01.18 1992.02.041994.05.13诺森伯兰 F-238斯旺·亨特与泰恩造船有限公司 1991.04.04 1992.04.041994.11.29